# 2021-10-13 Wave equations¶

## Last time¶

• FD methods in 2D

• Cost profile

• The need for fast algebraic solvers

## Today¶

• Note on p-Laplacian activity

• Weak forms and jump conditions

• 2D wave equations via gas dynamics

• Appropriate time integrators

• Hamiltonian structure and energy drift

using Plots
using LinearAlgebra
using SparseArrays

default(linewidth=4)

function plot_stability(Rz, title; xlims=(-2, 2), ylims=(-2, 2))
x = LinRange(xlims[1], xlims[2], 100)
y = LinRange(ylims[1], ylims[2], 100)
heatmap(x, y, (x, y) -> abs(Rz(x + 1im*y)), c=:bwr, clims=(0, 2), aspect_ratio=:equal, title=title)
end

struct RKTable
A::Matrix
b::Vector
c::Vector
function RKTable(A, b)
s = length(b)
A = reshape(A, s, s)
c = vec(sum(A, dims=2))
new(A, b, c)
end
end

function rk_stability(z, rk)
s = length(rk.b)
1 + z * rk.b' * ((I - z*rk.A) \ ones(s))
end

rk4 = RKTable([0 0 0 0; .5 0 0 0; 0 .5 0 0; 0 0 1 0], [1, 2, 2, 1] / 6)

function ode_rk_explicit(f, u0; tfinal=1., h=0.1, table=rk4)
u = copy(u0)
t = 0.
n, s = length(u), length(table.c)
fY = zeros(n, s)
thist = [t]
uhist = [u0]
while t < tfinal
tnext = min(t+h, tfinal)
h = tnext - t
for i in 1:s
ti = t + h * table.c[i]
Yi = u + h * sum(fY[:,1:i-1] * table.A[i,1:i-1], dims=2)
fY[:,i] = f(ti, Yi)
end
u += h * fY * table.b
t = tnext
push!(thist, t)
push!(uhist, u)
end
thist, hcat(uhist...)
end

ode_rk_explicit (generic function with 1 method)


# Weak forms¶

When we write

${\huge "} - \nabla\cdot \big( \kappa \nabla u \big) = 0 {\huge "} \text{ on } \Omega$

where $$\kappa$$ is a discontinuous function, that’s not exactly what we mean.

The derivative of that discontinuous function doesn’t exist!

Formally, however, let us multiply by a “test function” $$v$$ and integrate,

\begin{split}

• \int_\Omega v \nabla\cdot \big( \kappa \nabla u \big) = 0 & \text{ for all } v \ \int_\Omega \nabla v \cdot \kappa \nabla u = \int_{\partial \Omega} v \kappa \nabla u \cdot \hat n & \text{ for all } v \end{split}

where we have used integration by parts. This is called the weak form of the PDE and will be what we actually discretize using finite element methods. All the terms make sense when $$\kappa$$ is discontinuous.

# Jump conditions¶

Now suppose our domain is decomposed into two disjoint sub domains

$\overline{\Omega_1 \cup \Omega_2} = \overline\Omega$
with interface
$\Gamma = \overline\Omega_1 \cap \overline\Omega_2$
and $$\kappa_1$$ is continuous on $$\Omega_1$$ and $$\kappa_2$$ is continuous on $$\Omega_2$$, but possibly $$\kappa_1(x) \ne \kappa_2(x)$$ for $$x \in \Gamma$$,

\begin{split} \int_\Omega \nabla v \cdot \kappa \nabla u &= \int_{\Omega_1} \nabla v \cdot \kappa_1\nabla u + \int_{\Omega_2} \nabla v \cdot \kappa_2 \nabla u \ &= -\int_{\Omega_1} v \nabla\cdot \big(\kappa_1 \nabla u \big) + \int_{\partial \Omega_1} v \kappa_1 \nabla u \cdot \hat n \ &\qquad -\int_{\Omega_2} v \nabla\cdot \big(\kappa_2 \nabla u \big) + \int_{\partial \Omega_2} v \kappa_2 \nabla u \cdot \hat n \ &= -\int_{\Omega} v \nabla\cdot \big(\kappa \nabla u \big) + \int_{\partial \Omega} v \kappa \nabla u \cdot \hat n + \int_{\Gamma} v (\kappa_1 - \kappa_2) \nabla u\cdot \hat n . \end{split}

• Which direction is $$\hat n$$ for the integral over $$\Gamma$$?

• Does it matter what we choose for the value of $$\kappa$$ on $$\Gamma$$ in the volume integral?

When $$\kappa$$ is continuous, the jump term vanishes and we recover the strong form, $$- \nabla\cdot \big( \kappa \nabla u \big) = 0 \text{ on } \Omega .$$ But if $$\kappa$$ is discontinuous, we would need to augment this with a jump condition ensuring that the flux $$-\kappa \nabla u$$ is continuous. We could go add this condition to our FD code to recover convergence in case of discontinuous $$\kappa$$, but it is messy.

# Gas equations of state¶

There are many ways to describe a gas

Name

variable

units

pressure

$$p$$

force/area

density

$$\rho$$

mass/volume

temperature

$$T$$

Kelvin

(specific) internal energy

$$e$$

energy/mass

entropy

$$s$$

energy/Kelvin

## Equation of state¶

$\rho, e \mapsto p, T$

## Ideal gas¶

(21)\begin{align} p &= \rho R T & e &= e(T) \end{align}
$p = (\gamma - 1) \rho e$
pressure(rho, T) = rho*T

contour(LinRange(0, 2, 30), LinRange(0, 2, 30), pressure, xlabel="\$\\rho\$", ylabel="\$T\$")


# Conservation equations¶

## Mass¶

Let $$\mathbf u$$ be the fluid velocity. The mass flux (mass/time) moving through an area $$A$$ is

$\int_A \rho \mathbf u \cdot \hat{\mathbf n} .$

If mass is conserved in a volume $$V$$ with surface $$A$$, then the total mass inside the volume must evolve as

$\int_V \rho_t = \left( \int_V \rho \right)_t = - \underbrace{\int_A \rho\mathbf u \cdot \hat{\mathbf n}}_{\int_V \nabla\cdot (\rho\mathbf u)},$

where we have applied the divergence theorem. Dropping the integrals over arbitrary volumes, we have the evolution equation for conservation of mass.

$\rho_t + \nabla\cdot (\rho \mathbf u) = 0$

## Momentum¶

The momentum $$\rho \mathbf u$$ has a flux that includes

• convection $$\rho \mathbf u \otimes \mathbf u$$

• this is saying that each component of momentum is carried along in the vector velocity field

• pressure $$p I$$

• viscous $$-\boldsymbol\tau$$

A similar integral principle leads to the momentum equation

$(\rho \mathbf u)_t + \nabla\cdot\big[ \rho \mathbf u \otimes \mathbf u + p I - \boldsymbol \tau \big] = 0$

# Simplifications¶

• Ignore viscous stress tensor $$\boldsymbol \tau$$

• Ignore energy equation (not yet written) and assume constant temperature

• $$p = a^2 \rho$$ where $$a$$ is the acoustic wave speed

$\begin{split}\begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \rho \mathbf u \end{pmatrix}_t + \nabla\cdot \begin{bmatrix} \rho \mathbf u \\ \rho \mathbf u \otimes \mathbf u + \rho a^2 I \end{bmatrix} = 0 \end{split}$

## Linearization¶

Split each state variable into a mean state and a small fluctuation

• $$\rho = \bar\rho + \tilde\rho$$

• $$u = \bar u + \tilde u$$

Let $$\widetilde{\rho u} = (\bar\rho + \tilde\rho) (\bar u + \tilde u) - \bar\rho\bar u \approx \tilde \rho \bar u + \bar\rho \tilde u$$, where we have dropped the second order term $$\tilde \rho\tilde u$$ because both are assumed small.

We consider background state $$\bar u = 0$$ and constant $$\bar\rho(x,y,t) = \bar\rho$$. Then

$\begin{split}\begin{pmatrix} \tilde \rho \\ \bar\rho \mathbf{\tilde u} \end{pmatrix}_t + \nabla\cdot \begin{bmatrix} \bar\rho \mathbf{\tilde u} \\ \tilde \rho a^2 I \end{bmatrix} = 0 \end{split}$

# Two forms of acoustic wave equation¶

Divide the momentum equation through by background density and dropping the tildes yields the standard form.

$\begin{split}\begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \mathbf u \end{pmatrix}_t + \nabla\cdot \begin{bmatrix} \bar\rho \mathbf u \\ \rho \frac{a^2}{\bar\rho} I \end{bmatrix} = 0 .\end{split}$

Examine second equation

$\frac{a^2}{\bar\rho} \nabla\cdot\big[ \rho I \big] = \frac{a^2}{\bar\rho} \nabla \rho$
and thus \begin{pmatrix} \rho \ \mathbf u \end{pmatrix}_t +

(22)$\begin{bmatrix} & \bar\rho \nabla\cdot \\ \frac{a^2}{\bar\rho} \nabla & \\ \end{bmatrix}$
(23)$\begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \mathbf u \end{pmatrix}$

Let’s differentiate the first equation,

$\rho_{tt} + \bar\rho\nabla\cdot(\mathbf u_t) = 0$
and substitute in the second equation
$\rho_{tt} = a^2 \nabla\cdot(\nabla \rho)$

• Note: we had to assume these derivatives exist!

We can reduce this to a first order system as

$\begin{split}\begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \dot \rho \end{pmatrix}_t + \begin{bmatrix} & -I \\ -a^2 \nabla\cdot\nabla & \end{bmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \dot\rho \end{pmatrix} = 0\end{split}$

## Question¶

• How is the problem size different?

• What might we be concerned about in choosing the second formulation?

# Laplacian in periodic domain¶

function laplacian_matrix(n)
h = 2 / n
rows = Vector{Int64}()
cols = Vector{Int64}()
vals = Vector{Float64}()
wrap(i) = (i + n - 1) % n + 1
idx(i, j) = (wrap(i)-1)*n + wrap(j)
stencil_diffuse = [-1, -1, 4, -1, -1] / h^2
for i in 1:n
for j in 1:n
append!(rows, repeat([idx(i,j)], 5))
append!(cols, [idx(i-1,j), idx(i,j-1), idx(i,j), idx(i+1,j), idx(i,j+1)])
append!(vals, stencil_diffuse)
end
end
sparse(rows, cols, vals)
end

laplacian_matrix (generic function with 1 method)

L = laplacian_matrix(10)
ev = eigvals(Matrix(L))
scatter(real(ev), imag(ev))


# Wave operator¶

$\begin{split}\begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \dot \rho \end{pmatrix}_t = \begin{bmatrix} & I \\ a^2 \nabla\cdot\nabla & \end{bmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \rho \\ \dot\rho \end{pmatrix}\end{split}$
function wave_matrix(n; a=1)
Z = spzeros(n^2, n^2)
L = laplacian_matrix(n)
[Z I; -a^2*L Z]
end
wave_matrix(2)

8×8 SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64} with 16 stored entries:
⋅     ⋅     ⋅     ⋅   1.0   ⋅    ⋅    ⋅
⋅     ⋅     ⋅     ⋅    ⋅   1.0   ⋅    ⋅
⋅     ⋅     ⋅     ⋅    ⋅    ⋅   1.0   ⋅
⋅     ⋅     ⋅     ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅   1.0
-4.0   2.0   2.0    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅
2.0  -4.0    ⋅    2.0   ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅
2.0    ⋅   -4.0   2.0   ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅
⋅    2.0   2.0  -4.0   ⋅    ⋅    ⋅    ⋅

A = wave_matrix(8; a=2) * .1
ev = eigvals(Matrix(A))
plot_stability(z -> rk_stability(z, rk4), "RK4", xlims=(-4, 4), ylims=(-4, 4))
scatter!(real(ev), imag(ev), color=:black)


# Example 2D wave solver with RK4¶

n = 20
A = wave_matrix(n)
x = LinRange(-1, 1, n+1)[1:end-1]
y = x
rho0 = vec(exp.(-9*((x .+ 1e-4).^2 .+ y'.^2)))
sol0 = vcat(rho0, zero(rho0))
thist, solhist = ode_rk_explicit((t, sol) -> A * sol, sol0, h=.02)
size(solhist)

(800, 51)

@gif for tstep in 1:length(thist)
rho = solhist[1:n^2, tstep]
contour(x, y, reshape(rho, n, n), title="\$t =$(thist[tstep])\\$")
end

┌ Info: Saved animation to
│   fn = /home/jed/cu/numpde/slides/tmp.gif
└ @ Plots /home/jed/.julia/packages/Plots/yfzIY/src/animation.jl:114